ABSTRACT
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death that is executed through a caspase-independent pathway. Necroptosis has been implicated in many pathological conditions. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptotic signaling has been shown to confer neuroprotection after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Therefore, the necroptotic pathway represents a potential target for neurological diseases that are managed by neurosurgeons. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of necroptotic signaling pathways and explore the role of necroptotic cell death in craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and cerebrovascular diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis/physiology , Brain Injuries/therapy , Cerebrovascular Disorders/therapy , Necrosis/therapy , Receptors, Death Domain/physiology , Brain Injuries/pathology , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Cell Death , Cerebrovascular Disorders/pathology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology , Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins/physiology , Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology , Necrosis/physiopathology , Neuroprotective Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Signal Transduction/physiology , Toll-Like Receptors/physiologyABSTRACT
Our objective was to investigate the distributions of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) MS4A2 E237G, MS4A2 C-109T, ADRB2 R16G, IL4RA I75V, IL4 C-590T, and IL13 C1923T in Mauritian Indian and Chinese Han children with asthma. This case-control association study enrolled 382 unrelated Mauritian Indian children, 193 with asthma and 189 healthy controls, and 384 unrelated Chinese Han children, 192 with asthma and 192 healthy controls. The SNP loci were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism for the Chinese Han samples and TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR for the Mauritian Indian samples. In the Mauritian Indian children, there was a significant difference in the distribution of IL13 C1923T between the asthma and control groups (P=0.033). The frequency of IL13 C1923T T/T in the Mauritian Indian asthma group was significantly higher than in the control group [odds ratio (OR)=2.119, 95% confidence interval=1.048-4.285]. The Chinese Han children with asthma had significantly higher frequencies of MS4A2 C-109T T/T (OR=1.961, P=0.001) and ADRB2 R16G A/A (OR=2.575, P=0.000) than the control group. The IL13 C1923T locus predisposed to asthma in Mauritian Indian children, which represents an ethnic difference from the Chinese Han population. The MS4A2 C-109T T/T and ADRB2 R16G A/A genotypes were associated with asthma in the Chinese Han children.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Asian People/genetics , Asthma/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/ethnology , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Asthma/epidemiology , Asthma/ethnology , Case-Control Studies , Causality , China/epidemiology , China/ethnology , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Loci , Genotype , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology , /genetics , /genetics , /genetics , Mauritius/epidemiology , Mauritius/ethnology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , /genetics , Receptors, IgE/geneticsABSTRACT
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was developed to detect Kala-azar. Out of 25 patients, 24 were detected, a sensitivity of 96%. The specificity rate, false positive rate, false negative rate, coincidence rate and Youdent's index were 100% (60/60), 0, 4%, 99% and 0.96 respectively. It was shown that the PCR technique can directly detect Kala-azar in samples (1 microliter) from peripheral blood.